Demchak, Chris C./Tangredi, Sam J. (Hrsg.) Cyber Warfare and Navies

Digital Conflict in the Maritime Domain

Like all elements of the digital age, navies and commercial shipping worldwide have become increasingly vulnerable to cyber conflicts. Navies are obvious targets for hostile cyber attacks by states and non-state actors. Nearly every aspect of commercial shipping is now digitised and networked, making it vulnerable to cyber attacks, sabotage, viruses and destruction. At a time when 85 per cent of global trade and 70 per cent of all liquid fuels are transported by sea, cyber attacks on ships, port handling equipment, shipping companies, maritime suppliers and other maritime industries can paralyse manufacturing and retail industries worldwide. Neither navies nor merchant shipping can sail away from cyber threats. Initially, naval leaders found it difficult to accept and prepare for cyber warfare, as it was largely seen as a land-based problem that did not affect ships. As a result, the effective integration of cyber operations into naval warfare planning has proven difficult not only for the US Navy, but also for the navies of allies and adversaries. The US Navy created Fleet Cyber Command (FCC) with the US Navy's 10th Fleet as its operational arm in the cyber domain and as part of the Navy contributing to US Cyber Command (USCYBERCOM). However, so far, these efforts do not seem to have served either the Navy or USCYBERCOM as well as expected. Cyber Warfare and Navies describes the various threats that cyber warfare poses to naval and commercial maritime operations, as well as the capabilities of modern navies to defend against these threats. It explains how navies are organised and equipped for cyber operations and what concepts and doctrines have been adopted by these navies and provides recommendations for improving maritime cyber operations. The book covers not only the US Navy, US Marine Corps and US Coast Guard, but also the navies of allies, adversaries (China, Russia) and others. The book also examines the relationships between the US Navy, Marine Corps, Coast Guard and USCYBERCOM.